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Mobile
History
Portable Cell Phone 1970's
Main article: History of mobile phones
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X Analog Advanced Portable Telephone System mobile phone in 1983
In 1908 U.S. Patent 887,357 for a wireless telephone, issued to Nathan B. Stubblefield of Murray, Kentucky. He applied for patent to "cave radio" telephones and not directly to mobile phones as the term is currently understood. Cells for mobile phone base stations were invented in 1947 by Bell Labs engineers at AT & T and further developed by Bell Labs during the 1960s. Radio programs have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and rural-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and administrations in the 1950s, while hand-held mobile radios have been provided since 1973. A patent for the first wireless phone as we know today was published in U.S. Patent Number 3,449,750 to George Sweigert of Euclid, Ohio, 10 June 1969.
In 1945, zero generation (0G) of mobile telephones was introduced. [Citation needed] Like other technology of the time, it involved a single, powerful base station covering a wide area, and each telephone would effectively monopolize a channel over that whole area while in use.
In 1960, the first in the world partially automated car phone system Mobile System A (MTA) | MTA was launched in Sweden. With the MTA could call made and received in the car to / from the PSTN and car phone could be paged. The phone number was dialed with a rotary dial. Call the car was fully automatic, while the required one operator. The person who wanted to call a cell phone could know which base station the mobile phone was subject to. The system was developed by Sture Laurn and other engineers at Televerket network operator. Ericsson gave the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget (SRA), owned by Ericsson and Marconi provided phones and base station equipment. MTA telephones were consisted of vacuum tubes and relays, and had a weight of 40 kg. In 1962 called for a more modern version Mobile System B (MTB) was launched, which was a touch-tone phone and used transistors in order to increase phone cards capacity and improve its reliability. In 1971 MTD version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gain commercial success.
The concepts of frequency reuse and Handoff, and a number of other concepts that formed the basis for modern mobile phone technology was described in the 1970s, see eg Fluhr and Nussbaum, Hachenburg et al. , And U.S. Patent 4,152,647, issued May 1, 1979 to Charles A. Gladden and Martin H. Parelman, both of Las Vegas, Nevada and assigned by them to the U.S. Government.
Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive is considered to be the inventor of the first practical mobile phone for handheld use in a non-vehicle configuration. Cooper is the first inventor listed on "Radio telephone system" filed on 17 October 1973 with the U.S. patent office and later issued U.S. Patent 3,906,166; other contributors named on patent included Cooper's boss, John F. Mitchell, Motorola's chief of portable communication products successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products would be small enough to use outside the home, office or car and participated in the design of mobile phones. Using a modern, if somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on the third April 1973 to a rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs.
Analog cellular (1G)
Main article: 1G
The first commercial automated wireless network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979. The initial launch network covering the whole metropolitan area Tokyo's over 20 million inhabitants with a wireless network of 23 base stations. Within five years, the NTT network had been extended to the entire population of Japan and was the first nationwide 2G network.
The second launch of 1G networks were simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1981 .. NMT was the first mobile telephone network with international roaming. The Swedish electrical engineer stone Mkitalo started working on this vision in 1966, and is considered the father of the NMT system, and some believe he was also the father of the mobile phone.
Personal Handy-phone System phones and modems used in Japan around 19972003
Several countries were among the earliest to launch 1G networks in the early 1980s, including the UK, Mexico and Canada. The first 1G network was launched in the U.S. Chicago-based Ameritech in 1983 with the famous first handheld mobile phone Motorola DynaTAC. In 1984 Bell Labs developed modern commercial cellular technology (based largely on the Gladden, Parelman Patent), which uses multiple, centrally controlled base stations (cell sites), each providing service to a small area (a cell). The cell sites would be created such that that cells partially overlapped. In a wireless system that needs only a signal between a base station (cell site) and a terminal (phone) be strong enough to reach between the two, so the same channel can be used simultaneously for separate conversations in different cells.
The first NMT system and the first AMPS systems was based on Ericsson AXE digital exchange notes.
Cellular systems required several leaps of technology, including handover, which allowed a conversation to continue as a mobile phone traveled from cell to cell. This system included variable transmission power in both base stations and the telephones (controlled by base stations), which allowed range and cell size vary. As the system expanded and neared capacity, the ability to reduce transmission power allowed new cells to be added, resulting in several smaller cells and thus greater capacity. The evidence of this growth can still be seen in many older, tall cell site towers without antennae on the upper parts of their towers. These sites originally created large cells, and so had their antennae mounted on top of tall towers, the towers were designed so that when the system expandednd cell sizes shrankhe antennae could be lowered on their original masts to reduce range.
A 1991 GSM mobile phone
Digital mobile communications (2G)
Main articles: 2G, 2.5G and 2.75G
The first "modern" network technology on digital 2G (second generation) cellular technology was launched by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Group) in 1991 in Finland on the GSM standard which also marked the introduction of competition in the mobile telecommunications sector when Radiolinja challenged incumbent Telecom Finland (now part of TeliaSonera) who ran a 1G NMT network.
The first data services appeared on mobile phones starting with person-to-person SMS messaging in Finland in 1993. First trial payments using a mobile phone to pay for a Coca Cola vending machine were set in Finland in 1998. The first commercial payments were mobile parking tested in Sweden but first commercially launched in Norway in 1999. The first commercial payment system to mimic the banks and credit cards was launched in Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart. The first content sold to mobile phones were ringing, which was launched in 1998 in Finland. The first full internet service on mobile phones were introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999.
Wideband mobile communications (3G)
Main article: 3G
In 2001, the first commercial launch of 3G (Third Generation) was again in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. Standard 2G CDMA network was 3G compatible with the adoption of Revision A of EV-DO. Revision A EV-DO makes several additions to the protocol, while the completely backward compatible with older versions of EV-DO.
These changes included the introduction of several new forward-link data rates, which increases the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit / s to 3.1 Mbit / s. Also included were records that would fall for the creation time (called enhanced access channel MAC), allow more than one mobile to share the same time slot (multi-user packs) and the introduction of QoS flag. All these were introduced to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP.
One of the newest 3G technologies are introduced to is High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). It is an improved 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communication protocol in High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also invented 3.5G, 3G + or Turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speed and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit / P. Further speed increases are available with HSPA +, which provides speeds up to 42 Mbit / s downlink and 84 Mbit / s with Release 9 of the 3GPP standards.
Broadband Fourth generation (4G)
Main article: 4G
The recently released fourth generation, also known as Beyond 3G, aims to provide wireless broadband access with nominal data at 100 Mbit / s for fast moving units and 1 Gbit / s to stationary devices, defined by ITU-R 4G systems may be based on 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) cellular standard, offers peak bit rates of 326.4 Mbit / s. It may also be based on WiMax or Flash-OFDM wireless metropolitan area network technologies which promises wireless broadband access with speeds reaching 233 Mbps for mobile users. The radio interface of these systems are based on all IP packet switching, MIMO diversity, multi-carrier modulation schemes, dynamic channel assignment (DCA) and channel-dependent scheduling. A 4G system should be a complete substitute for existing network infrastructure and is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at much higher data rates than previous generations. Sprint has a 4G network in selected areas. In 2011 it is expected that several wireless companies will launch 4G Broadband.
User
Cell phones used for a variety of purposes, including liaising with family members do business, and have access to a telephone in case of an emergency.
Organizations that support victims of domestic violence can offer a mobile phone potential victims without abusing knowledge. These units are often old phones that are donated and refurbished to meet the victim's distress.
Child predators have taken advantage of mobile phones to secretly communicate with children without knowledge of their parents or teachers.
The emergence of widespread text messaging has resulted in mobile phone novel, the first literary genre that come from the wireless age via SMS to a site that collects stories together. Paul Levinson of Information on the Move (2004), "says ... in day, a writer can write about as easily, anywhere, as a reader can read "and are" not only personal but portable. "
More phones
Individuals can have multiple phones for separate purposes, such as business and personal use. More phones (or SIM card) can be used to exploit the benefits of different phone systems in particular plan might provide cheaper local calls, long distance calls, international calls or roaming. A study by Motorola found that one in ten mobile phone subscribers have a second phone that often kept secret from other family members. These phones can be used to engage in activities including extramarital affairs or variety stores.
Sharing
Mobile sharing is a phenomenon that exists around the world. It is common in urban India as families and groups of friends often share one or more mobiles amongst their members. Two types of sharing, there are "striking" and "insidious" sharing. An example of conspicuous division occurs when someone calls the friend of the person they are trying to reach in hopes of being able to talk with that individual latter type of sharing occurs when a person uses someone else's cell phone without their knowledge. Phone sharing not only take place because of its economic benefits, but also often Because of familial customs and traditional gender roles.
Another example of mobile phone division is in Burkina Faso. It is not uncommon for a village to have access to a mobile phone. This mobile phone is typically owned by a person who is not built from the village, such as a teacher or missionary. Although the mobile phone is the sole property of an individual, it is expected that other members of the village are allowed to use mobile phone to make the necessary calls. Although some might consider it a burden it may actually be an opportunity to engage in mutual obligations. This type of mobile phone division is a key to small villages in Burkina Faso, because it allows them to keep pace with the expectations of the globalized world.
Handset
A Nokia phone with box.
A printed circuit board inside a mobile phone
There are several categories of mobile phones from basic phones to feature phones such as music phones and camera phones. There are also smartphones, the first smartphone was the Nokia 9000 Communicator in 1996 which incorporated PDA functionality to the basic mobile phone at the time. As miniaturization and increased processing power of microchips has enabled ever more functions to be added to phones, the concept smartphone has evolved and what was a high-end smartphone five years ago, is a standard phone today. Several phone series were introduced to solve a given market segment, such as RIM BlackBerry focusing on enterprise / corporate customer email needs, the Sony Ericsson Walkman series music phones and Cybershot range of camera phones, Nokia Nseries multimedia phones, Palm Pre HTC Dream and the Apple iPhone.
Properties
Main articles: Mobile features and Smartphone
Mobile Phones often beyond sending text messages and make calls, including call records, GPS navigation, music (MP3) and video (MP4) playback, RDS radio receiver, alarm, memo and document recording, personal organizers and personal digital assistant functions, the ability to watch streaming video or download video for later viewing, video calling, built-in cameras (1.0 + MPX) and camcorders (video recording) with autofocus and flash, ringtones, games, PTT, memory card reader (SD), USB (2.0), infrared, Bluetooth (2.0) and WiFi connectivity, instant messaging, email and browsing and serving as a wireless modem for a PC, and soon will also serve as a sort of console for online gaming and other high quality games. Some phones also a touchscreen.
Nokia and University of Cambridge demonstrates a flexible cell phone called Morph.
See also: video phone for UMTS-type mobile phones employs simultaneous video and audio
Software and Applications
A phone with touchscreen feature.
Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants 19,972,007
The most commonly used data application on mobile phones are text messaging, with 74% of all mobile phone users as active users (over 2.4 billion out of 3.3 billion total subscribers at the end of 2007). SMS messaging was worth over 100 billion dollars in annual revenue in 2007 and the worldwide average of messaging use is 2.6 SMS sent per day per person around the mobile phone subscriber base (source Informa 2007). The first text message was sent from one computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in Britain, while the first person to person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993.
The other non-SMS data services used by mobile phones were worth 31 billion dollars in 2007 and was chaired by mobile music, downloadable logos and pictures, gaming, gambling, adult entertainment and advertising (source: Informa 2007). The first downloadable mobile content was sold to a mobile phone in Finland in 1998, when Radiolinja (now Elisa) introduced the downloadable ringing tone service. In 1999 Japanese mobile operator NTT DoCoMo introduced its mobile internet service i-Mode which today is the world's largest mobile internet service and roughly the same size as Google in annual revenues.
The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000. Mobile news services is expanding with many organizations providing "on demand" news services by SMS. Some also provide "instant" news pushed out by SMS. Mobile telephony also facilitates activism and public journalism by examining Reuters and Yahoo! And small independent news companies such as Jasmine News in Sri Lanka.
Businesses are beginning to offer mobile services such as job search and career advice. Consumer applications are growing and include everything from information guides on local activities and events to mobile coupons and discount offers one can use to save money on purchases. Even tools for creating websites for mobile phones are increasingly becoming available.
Mobile payments were first tested in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in Espoo were able to work with SMS payments. Eventually the idea spread and in 1999 the Philippines launched the first commercial mobile payments systems to mobile operators Globe and Smart. Today mobile payments ranging from mobile banking to mobile credit cards to mobile commerce are very widespread in Asia and Africa, and in selected European markets. For example in the Philippines, it is not unusual to have his whole paycheck paid to the mobile account. In Kenya the limit of money transfers from one mobile banking account to another is one million U.S. dollars. In India paying utility bills with mobile gains a 5% discount. In Estonia, mobile phones are the most popular method to pay for public parking.
Power supply
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Mobile phone charging services in Uganda
Mobile phones generally obtain power from rechargeable batteries. There are a variety of methods used to charge cell phones, including USB, laptop batteries, mains (using an AC adapter), lighters (using an adapter) or a dynamo. In 2009 charging wireless was a reality, and the first wireless charger was released for consumers use.
Standardization of Micro-USB connector for charging
From 2010, has many mobile phone manufacturers agree to use the Micro-USB connector to charge their phones. The mobile phone manufacturers who have accepted this standard include:
Apple
LG
Motorola
Nokia
Research In Motion
Samsung
Sony Ericsson
17 February 2009 GSM Association announced that they had agreed on a standard charger for mobile phones. The standard connector to be adopted by 17 manufacturers in the Open Mobile Terminal Platform including Nokia, Motorola and Samsung are to be the micro-USB connector (several media reports erroneously reported this as a mini-USB). The new chargers will be much more effective than existing chargers. With a standard charger for all phones means that manufacturers no longer supply a charger with each new phone.
Moreover, 22 October 2009 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announced that it had embraced micro-USB as Universal Charger Solution its "energy-efficient One-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution "and added:" Based on Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers also a four-star or higher efficiency ratings up to three times more energy efficient than an unrated charger. "
Charger efficiency
The world's five largest handset makers introduced a new rating system in November 2008 to help consumers better identify the most energy-efficient chargers
Most of the energy lost in a cell phone charger is in its unloaded state, when the phone is not connected, but the charger is left plugged in and use force. To combat this in November 2008 top five mobile phone manufacturers Nokia, Samsung, which LG Electronics, Sony Ericsson and Motorola a star rating system to rate the effectiveness of their chargers, no-load mode. Start at zero stars for> 0.5 W and go up to the top five stars of <0.03 W (30 mW) without load power.
A number of semiconductors that offer flyback controllers, such as Power Integrations and CamSemi, claims Now that the five-star standard can be achieved by the use of their product.
Battery
Previously the most common form of mobile phone batteries were nickel metal-hydride, because they have a low weight and size. Lithium ion batteries are sometimes used because they are lighter and have no voltage depression that nickel metal-hydride batteries do. Many manufacturers of mobile phones has now switched to using lithium-Polymer batteries as opposed to the older Lithium-Ion, the main advantages of this being even lower weight and the possibility of to make the battery a shape other than strict cuboid. Mobile phone manufacturers have experimented with alternative energy sources including solar and Coca Cola.
SIM card
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Main article: Subscriber Identity Module
Typical mobile phone SIM cards
Besides the battery, GSM mobile phones require a small microchip, called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM card to function. Approximately the size of a small postage stamp, the SIM card is usually located under the battery in the rear of the device, and (when properly activated) stores the phone's configuration data, and information about the phone itself, such as the telephone system subscriber user. When the subscriber remove the SIM card, it can be re-inserted into another phone that is configured to accept the SIM card and used as normal.
Each SIM card is activated by use of a unique numerical identifier, when enabled, the identifier and locked down the card is permanently locked in to the activating network. For this reason, refuses the Most retailers accept the return of an activated SIM card.
Those cell phones that do not use a SIM card has a data programmed into their memory. These data are available via a special digit sequence to access the "NAM" as in "Name" or number programming menu. From there you can add information such as a new number to phone, new Service Provider numbers, new emergency numbers, change their Authentication Key or A-Key code, and update their Preferred Roaming List or PRL. But to prevent a person from accidentally disabling their phone or removing it from the network, the Service Provider puts a lock on this data called a Master Subsidiary Lock or MSL.
The MSL ensures also that Service Provider will charge for the phone that was purchased or "leased". For example, Motorola RAZR V9C costs upwards of CAD $ 500 Depending on the carrier, such a phone available for as little as $ 200. The difference is paid by the customer in the form of a monthly invoice. If the carrier did not use a MSL, then they may lose $ 300 $ 400 difference paid in the monthly bill, since some customers would cancel their service and take the phone to another carrier.
The MSL is SIM only so when the contract is completed MSL remains valid SIM. The phone is also initially locked by the manufacturer in Service Providers MSL. This lock can be disabled so the phone can use other providers SIM card. Most phones purchased outside the U.S., unlocked phones, because there are many Service Providers near of each other or have overlapping coverage. It costs more to lock a phone varies but is usually very cheap and is sometimes provided by independent phone sellers.
In an unlocked phone is very useful for travelers because of the high costs of using MSL Service Providers access once outside the normal coverage areas. It can cost sometimes up to 10 times as much to use an unlocked phone abroad as in the normal service area, even with the rebate. T-Mobile will offer a SIM unlock code for account holders in good standing after 90 days according to their FAQ.
For example, in Jamaica, an AT & T subscribers pay in excess of U.S. $ 1.65 per minute for discounted international service, while a B-Mobile (Jamaican) customer would pay U.S. $ 0.20 per minute for the same international service. Some Service Providers focusing sale on international sales, while others focus on regional sales. For example, the same B-Mobile customers pay more for local calls, but less for international calls than a subscriber to the Jamaican national phone C & W (Cable and Wireless) company. These differences in rates due mainly to currency variations because the SIM purchases made in local currency. In the U.S., this kind of service competition does not exist, because some of the larger providers do not offer Pay-as-you-go services. [Needs Pay-As-You-Go references rumors T-Mobile, Verizon deliver one, AT & T is not as of 12/2008]
Market
Manufacturers of mobile phones' market share in Q3/2008
The world's largest single mobile operator China Mobile by over 500 million mobile phones Subcribe. The world's largest mobile operator group of subscribers is UK-based Vodafone. There are over 600 mobile operators and commercial production throughout world. Over 50 mobile operators have over 10 million subscribers each, and over 150 mobile operators have at least one million subscribers by end 2008 (source wireless intelligence).
In mobile phones in Q3/2008 Nokia was the world's largest manufacturer of cell phones with a global unit market share of 39.4%, followed by Samsung (17.3%), Sony Ericsson (8.6%), Motorola (8.5%) and LG Electronics (7.7%). These producers accounted for over 80% of all mobile phones sold at that time.
Other manufacturers include Apple Inc., Audiovox (now UTStarcom), Benefon, BenQ-Siemens, CECT, HTC Corporation, Fujitsu, Kyocera, Mitsubishi Electric, NEC, Neonode, Panasonic, Palm, Matsushita, Pantech Wireless Inc., Philips, Qualcomm Inc., Research In Motion Ltd. (RIM), Sagem, Sanyo, Sharp, Siemens, sendo, Sierra Wireless, SK Teletech, T & A Alcatel, Huawei, Trium, Toshiba [edit] and Vidalco. There are also specialist communication systems related to (but distinct from) mobile phones.
Media
The mobile phone became a mass media channel in 1998 when the first ringing tones were sold to mobile phones by Radiolinja in Finland. Soon other media content appeared such as news, videogames jokes, horoscopes, TV content and advertising. In 2006 the total value of mobile phone paid media content exceeded internet paid media content and was worth 31 billion dollars (source Informa 2007). The value of music on phones was worth 9.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2007 and gaming was worth over 5 billion dollars in 2007.
The mobile phone is often called the fourth Screen (if counting cinema, TV and PC screens as the first three) or third Screen (counting only TV and PC screens). [Weasel words] It is also called Seventh of the Mass Media (with Print, Recordings, Cinema, Radio, TV and Internet the first six). Most early content for mobile tended to be copies of old media such as banner advertising or TV news highlight video clip. Recently unique content for mobile is new, from ring tones and ring back tones in music to "Mobisode" video content that has been produced exclusively for mobile phones.
The advent of media on the mobile phone has also produced the opportunity to identify and track Alpha Users or Hubs, the most influential members of a social community. AMF Ventures measured in 2007 the relative accuracy of three mass media and found that audience measures on mobile were nine times more accurate than on the internet and 90 times more accurate than on TV. [Original research?]
Privacy
Mobile phones have many questions about privacy in connection with them, and are regularly used by governments to carry out surveillance.
Law enforcement authorities and intelligence services in Britain and the U.S. have the technology to remotely activate microphones in cell phones to listen to conversations that take place near the person with the phone.
Mobile phones are also commonly used to collect location data. The geographic location of a mobile phone can be determined easily (regardless whether it is used or not), using a technique known multilateral ration to calculate differences in time for a signal to travel from the mobile phone to each of several cell towers near by the owner of the phone.
Restriction of use
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There is a growing body of scientific circles consider use of mobile phones is a long-term health risk, especially for small children. Some countries, including France, restrict the use and sale of mobile phones to minors for this reason. Telecommunications insdustry rejects such claims, claming there is no evidence of long-term adverse health effects. Groups of scientists, but the U.S. - based group "Bioinitiative (see www.bioinitiative.org) argue that because mobile phone use is a newly introduced technology, long-term 'evidence' has been impossible - And use should be restricted or monitored closely, while the technology is still new. The very first generation of cell-phone users, for example, is only now entering middle age. Studies in Europe, for example, is only now emerging which link long-term cell phone use to brain tumors. Other studies link cell phone use to children's diabetes difficulty concentrating, and sleep disturbances.
Use while driving
Main article: Cell phones and driving safety
Mobile phone while driving is common but controversial. be distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accidents. Because of this, many jurisdictions prohibit mobile phone use while driving. Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and Singapore bans both handheld and hands-free use of mobile phones, while many other countries ncluding the United Kingdom, France, and many U.S. states ban handheld cell phone use, allowing handsfree use.
Because of the increasing complexity of mobile phones rhead more like mobile computers in their available uses it has introduced additional problems for law enforcement authorities to tell one language from another as drivers use their equipment. This is more evident in countries that prohibit both handheld and hands-free use, rather those who have banned hand-held use by officials can not easily tell which mode mobile phone is being used just by visually looking at the driver. This could mean that drivers can be stopped to use their unit illegally on a telephone conversation, when in reality they were not, instead using the device for a legal purpose such as phones' integrated controls for car or satnav use either as a part of the cars own device or directly on the mobile phone itself.
Cases such as these can often only be proved otherwise by a control of mobile operators telephone call records to see if a call was made during the trip. Even in many countries law enforcement officials may have stopped the driver of a deviant act eg. because of lack of care and attention in relation to their driving
Schools
Some schools limit or restrict the use of mobile phones. Schools there are restrictions on the use of mobile phones because of the use of cell phones for cheating on tests, harassment and bullying, which threats to school safety, distractions to students and facilitate gossip and other social activities at school. Many mobile phones are banned in school locker rooms, public toilets and swimming pools because of the built cameras that most phones now feature, although some countries and manufacturers have taken steps to protect privacy in these areas by giving their products an audible "shutter sounds', which can not be disabled. [Citation needed]
A recently published study has examined the prevalence of use of mobile phones while cycling and its effects on behavior and safety.
Comparison with similar systems
Car phone
A type of telephone installed in a vehicle, often have more powerful transmitters, an external antenna and loudspeaker for handsfree use. They usually connect to the same network as regular mobile phones.
Cordless phone (portable telephone)
Cordless phones are telephones which use one or more radio handsets instead of a wired handset. The handsets connect wirelessly to a base, which in turn connects to a conventional land line to call. Unlike mobile phones, use wireless phones private base stations (belonging country-line subscriber), which is not shared.
Professional Mobile Radio
Advanced professional mobile radio systems can be very similar to cellular systems. Especially the iDEN standard has been used as both a private trunked radio system and technology for several large public providers. Similar attempts have even been made to use TETRA, the European digital PMR standard, to implement public mobile networks.
Radio telephone
This is a term which covers radios which could connect into the telephone network. These phones may not be mobile, for example, they may require an electrical outlet, or they may require assistance from a human operator to set up a PSTN phone call.
Satellite phone
This type of phone communicates directly with an artificial satellite which in turn relays calls to a base station or another satellite phone. A single satellite can provide coverage to a much greater area than terrestrial base stations. Since satellite phones are costly, their use is typically limited to people in remote areas where no cell phone coverage exists, such as mountain climbers, sailors on the high seas, and news reporters to the disaster sites.
IP Phone
This type of phone provide or receive calls over the Internet, LAN or WAN network using VoIP in contrast to traditional CDMA and GSM networks. In business, there is a tendency to Most of these IP phones to be connected via wired Ethernet, but wireless varieties available. Several vendors have developed standalone WiFi phones. In addition, some cellular mobile phones include the ability to place VoIP calls over wireless high-speed data networks and / or wireless internet.
See also
Mobile phone radiation and health
Customer proprietary network information
Flexible Keyboard
Rotary Dial
Push-button telephone
Harvard sentences
Information and Communication Technologies development
List of countries by number of mobile phones in use
Mobile Internet Device (MID)
Personal Handy-phone System
smartphone
Pay As You Go (phone)
SIM card
Mobile broadband
Tethering
PDA
Netbook
laptop
References
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^ Mingtao Shi, Technology base of mobile cellular operators in Germany and China, page 55
^ Facts about Mobile. A journey through time
^ "Switching Plan for a Cellular Mobile Telephone System:, Z. Fluhr, E. Nussbaum, IEEE Transactions on Communications Volume 21, # 11 p. 1281 (1973)
^ "Data signaling rate functions in a cellular mobile telephone system", V. Hachenburg, B. Holm and J. Smith, IEEE Trans Vehicular Technology, Volume 26, # 1 p. 82 (1977)
^ Cooper, et al. "Radio Telephone System", U.S. Patent No. 3,906,166; Filing Date: October 17, 1973; Release Date: September 1975; Assignee Motorola
^ "Motorola Executive Helped track Cellphone revolution, ignoring ill-fated Iridium Project. The Wall Street Journal, June 2021, 2009, p. A10.
^ "John F. Mitchell, 1928-2009: Was President of Motorola from 1980 to '95, Chicago Tribune, June 17, 2009, retrieved June 17, 2009 ". Chicagotribune.com. Http: / / www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-hed-jmitchell-17-jun17, 0.955426. History. Retrieved 7/29/2009.
^ Shiel, Maggie (4/21/2003). [Http: / / news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2963619.stm "BBC interview with Martin Cooper Cell phones or mobile phones are so called as they cover the split, as cell areas. The origin of cell phone can be traced back to the year 1973 when Motorola came up with World `s first cellular portable telephone which was commercialized as Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. These days, new phones are coming at a rapid pace. The parts of them typically consist of the following: circuit board, antenna, keypad, LCD - Liquid Crystal Display, battery, microphone; speaker. In recent times, they are available with a wide range of functions. You can list a couple of functions depending on what type of phone you choose: Save contact details keep track of appointments, reminders, prepare to-do lists, send / receive email, play games, send text messages (SMS), internet access, watch and enjoy TV built-in calculator integration with other devices like GPS receivers, MP3 players, etc. Mobile phones which operate at radio frequency has come up with an innovative cellular approach to combat limited availability of RF spectrum. Now more mobile towers are used to address a wide geographical area. Each tower (base station), covers a circular area called a cell. A large region is divided into a number of cells produce different base stations using the same channels / frequencies for communications. This makes allow thousands and thousands of mobile phones users to share far fewer channels. "]. BBC News. Http: / / news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2963619.stm. Retrieved 7/29/2009.
^ "Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology". Tekniskamuseet.se. http://www.tekniskamuseet.se/mobilen/engelska/1980_90.shtml. Retrieved 7/29/2009.
^ Mobil and Technology: Basics of Mobile Phones
^ The mobile phone 50 years - facts and figures
^ UMTS World. "History Of UMTS and 3G development". Umtsworld.com. http://www.umtsworld.com/umts/history.htm. Retrieved 7/29/2009.
^ Gopal, Thawatt (11-15 March 2007). "EVDO Rev A Control Channel Bandwidth Analysis for Paging". IEEE wireless Communications and Networking Conference. IEEE. pp. 32627. doi: 10.1109/WCNC.2007.601.
^ A b Young Kyun, Kim; Prasad, Ramjee (2006). 4G Roadmap and Emerging communications technology. Artech House the 2006th pp. 1213th ISBN 1-58053-931-9.
^ By Richard BROOKSThe Press-Enterprise (13/08/2007). "Donated cell phones to help battered Women | San Bernardino County | PE.com | Southern California News | News for Inland Southern California. PE.com. http://www.pe.com/localnews/sbcounty/stories/PE_News_Local_S_helpphones13.3d74734.html. Retrieved 4/11/2009.
^ By Christy Oglesby CNN (01/11/2008). "Cells, texting give predators secret path to the children." CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/01/11/teachers.charged/index.html. Retrieved 4/11/2009.
^ Goodyear, Dana (07/01/2009). "Letter from Japan: I Novels." The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/12/22/081222fa_fact_goodyear. Retrieved 7/29/2009.
^ "UK | Millions conceal mobile". BBC News. 16/10/2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1602044.stm. Retrieved 4/11/2009.
^ Donner, Jonathan, and Steenson, Molly Wright. "Beyond the Personal and Private: Modes of mobile phone division in Urban India." In the reconstruction of time and space: Mobile Communication Practices, edited by Scott Campbell and Rich Ling, 231-250. Piscatawy, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2008.
^ Hahn, Hans and Kibora, Ludovic. "The Domestication of MobilePhone: Oral Society and New ICTs in Burkina Faso. "Journal of Modern African students 46 (2008): 87-109.
^ Reardon, Marguerite. "Nokia demos bendable mobile phone. "CNET News 25 February 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
^ "You Witness News." News.yahoo.com. 26/01/2009. http://news.yahoo.com/you-witness-news. Retrieved 7/29/2009.
^ Goingcellular.com Powermat Wireless Charger now available
^ EUROPA - Press Releases - Harmonisation of a charging capacity of joint charger for mobile phones
^ "GSM World Agreement on Standard Cell Phone Charger". http://www.gsmworld.com/newsroom/press-releases/2009/2548.htm.
^ Press Info (10/22/2009). "Press Release: Universal charger approved One-size-fits-all solution will dramatically reduce waste and emissions." Itu.int. http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2009/49.html. Retrieved 4/11/2009.
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Further reading
Agar, Jon, Constant Touch: A Global History of Mobile Phone, 2004 ISBN 1840465417
Ahonen, Tomi, m-Profits: Making Money with 3G Services, 2002, ISBN 0-470-84775-1
Ahonen, Kasper and Melkko, 3G Marketing 2004, ISBN 0-470-85100-7
Fessenden, RA (1908). "Wireless Telephony". Annual Report of the Board of Regents Of The Smithsonian Institution: 161196. http://books.google.com/books?id=gtQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161. Retrieved 8/7/2009.
GLOTZ, Peter & Bertsch, Stefan, EDS. Thumb Culture: The Meaning of Mobile Phones for Society, 2005
Katz, James E. & Aakhus, Mark, EDS. Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, Public Performance, 2002
Kavoori, Anandam & Arceneaux, Noah, EDS. Cell Phone Reader: Essays in Social Transformation, 2006
Kopomaa, Timo. Town in the pocket, Gaudeamus 2000
Levinson, Paul, Cellphone: The Story of the world's most mobile medium and how it has transformed everything!, 2004 ISBN 1-4039-6041-0
Ling, Rich, The Mobile Connection: Cellphone's impact on society, 2004 ISBN 1558609369
Ling, Rich and Pedersen, Per, EDS. Mobile Communications: Re-negotiation of the Social Sphere, 2005 ISBN 1852339314
Website by Rich Ling
Nyri, Kristf, ed. Mobile Communication: Essays on Cognition and Community, 2003
Nyri, Kristf, ed. Mobile Learning: Essays on philosophy, psychology and education, 2003
Nyri, Kristf, ed. Mobile Democracy: Essays on Society, Self and Politics, 2003
Nyri, Kristf, ed. A Sense of Place: The global and the local in Mobile Communication, 2005
Nyri, Kristf, ed. Mobile understanding: Epistemology of Ubiquitous Communication, 2006
Plant, Dr. Sadie on board the effects of mobile telephones on social and individual life, 2001
Rheingold, Howard, Smart mobs: The Next Social Revolution, 2002 ISBN 0738208612
Singh, Rohit (April 2009). Mobile phones for development and profit: a win-win situation. Overseas Development Institute. p. 2 http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/opinions/128-mobile-phones-business-development-private-sector.pdf.
External links
Look up phone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mobile phones
How Cell Phones Work in HowStuffWorks
Number of mobile subscribers per country and per 100 people interactive world map.
Cellphone, ringing heard across the world video documentary of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
"The Long Odyssey of the Cell Phone" 15 photos with captions from Time Magazine
Cell Phone Buying Guide
http://www.worldtimezone.com/gsm.html
http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164D-2009-PDF-E.pdf
http://www.itu.int/publ/T-SP-E.164C-2008/en
http://www.gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo/
VDE
Mobile phones
General
History of GSM Development Tools OS
Networking
Network operators Standard comparison Frequencies SIM WAP Mobile VoIP XHTML MP Cell Phone Signal
Generations: 0G 1G 2G 3G 4G
Assistive
Manufacturers Camera Phone Smartphones form factor
Applications and services
Banks Blogging Commerce Content Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant Messaging Learning Location Tracking Marketing Music News Payment Publishing Search Text Messaging SMS MMS Telephony Ticketing Web
Culture
Charms Comics Novels Dating Ringtones Phantom poor Japanese mobile phone culture
Health and environment
Electronic Waste Radiation and health BlackBerry thumb
Law
Driving Legality of shooting of civilians Photography and the law Textile while driving
VDE
Mobile telephony and mobile telecommunications standards
0G (radio telephones)
MTS MTA MTB MTC MTD IMTS County Olt Autoradiopuhelin
1G
NMT AMPS HiCAP Mobitex DataTAC TACS ETACS
2G
GSM/3GPP family
GSM CSD
3GPP2 family
CdmaOne (IS-95)
Other
D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136), iDEN CDPD PDC PHS
2G transition period
GSM/3GPP family
HSCSD GPRS, EDGE / EGPRS
3GPP2 family
CDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000)
iDEN family
Expand
3G (IMT-2000)
3GPP family
UMTS (UTRAN) WCDMA FDD WCDMA-TDD UTRA-TDD LCR (TD-SCDMA)
3GPP2 family
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856)
3G transition period
3GPP family
HSDPA HSUPA HSPA + LTE (E-UTRA)
3GPP2 family
EV-DO Rev A EV-DO Rev B
Other
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) Flash-OFDM IEEE 802.20
4G (IMT-Advanced)
3GPP family
LTE Advanced
WiMAX family
IEEE 802.16m
Related articles
Story Comparison of Standards List of Standards Spectral efficiency comparison table Cellular frequencies Cellular network theory Mobile broadband
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